Humans and satellites have a hard time beating a drone’s eye for detail in scanning farming systems from above. Flying below the clouds, collecting and sending images in almost real-time, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) gained ground quickly in agriculture in the last decade as part of so-called precision agriculture.
Among their wide range of applications, they can help farmers check crops’ health, track livestock, plan fertilization, assess damages, and map fields at high-resolution. A growing number of drone models for agriculture are sold on every continent—but many experts question whether drones fulfill the needs of all farmers across the world.
While the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have increasingly embraced agri-tech, developing countries, where farm sizes average around one hectare, have been slower adopters. Making drones work for smallholders remains an issue, explains Dr. Joseph Messina, Professor of Geography at Michigan State University. “One of the challenges is how to translate drone technology into something that gives useful information to farmers,” says Messina to Food Tank.
Investments in agricultural drones grew by 344 percent between 2013 and 2015, says a report from market researcher Ipsos, leading to drops in the once prohibitive drone price tag. The cost of running a basic agricultural drone dropped by five times over the last five years, from US$50,000 to US$10,000, explains Messina, making more smallholders able to afford UAVs.
“But it’s another thing to tell them something actually useful [using drones],” says Messina. The data drones provide boils down to plant health and a little bit on the environment, he explains. Drone-collected images might tell farmers where to fertilize, whether to spray pesticides, or where their equipment has failed. “Industrial farmers have more resources to address problems quickly,” Messina explains, but smallholders in developing countries have fewer solutions at hand.
As a smallholder farmer in a developing country, “you can go out into the field and weed yourself or you go to town for waged labor,” says Messina to Food Tank; however, drones offer small farmers an advantage by facilitating early decision-making, allowing them to spot issues sooner through drone data than through the human eye.
Drones’ ability to fly under the clouds, where satellites don’t reach “is huge, especially for the Global South,” Messina explains. “You can process shadow much more easily than through the clouds; in rain-fed environments that was much more useful than I expected.”
“Drones can identify locations where you can make sustainable choices for the smallholder,” says Messina to Food Tank. Drones can help small farms tackle soil loss by spotting degraded land needing restoration with planted trees and resulting green manure—a fertilizer made up of fallen leaves or uprooted plants that are plowed back into the soil to deliver nutrients. “It’s a good way to improve soil structure by collecting the leaves and working them into the ground,” says Messina.
But small plots can still limit drones’ capabilities. Monoculture systems are easier to assess, says Messina, with crops such as corn being highly suited for management via drones. In developing countries, farmers tend to plant a large diversity of crops over their one to two hectares, which can be problematic. “In Malawi [our researchers] mostly looked at maize, pigeon peas, and pumpkins, and they are easy to identify. With plants that are very similar—such as sorghum and maize in their different growth stages—you have to know what is there before making an assessment,” argues Messina. For indigenous crops that lack a long history of development, such as teff, “there is greater uncertainty with the technology, but you would be able to identify problems in the crop more quickly with drones,” Messina says.
Across Sub-Saharan countries, the African Union has supported the spread of commercial drones for agriculture through the Eyes In The Sky, Smart Techs on the Ground project, led by the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). But in its report on drones, the same body points out that while drone research focuses mainly on the kind of information technology can provide, it’s not looking enough at what interventions make drones cost-effective for African smallholders―who have little land, tenure issues, and a multitude of farming systems.
The legal landscape for drones is also problematic. While in the U.S. drone operations are heavily regulated, mainly for safety reasons, Messina says, the low altitude imposed on flights prevent them from covering large areas. Only about 26 percent of African countries have laws targeting UAVs, states the African Union; across the continent, the lack of legal clarity, harsh restrictions, or temporary bans of UAVs until laws are enforced are slowing the industry’s take-off. As neighboring countries such as Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique regulate drones differently, “your ability to come up with something that might work across all of these environments decreases,” says Messina.
“We are trying to come up with solutions so we can ultimately give information to the farmer quickly enough for them to make decisions,” says Messina to Food Tank. “Many times we focus on this developed-world lens, without recognizing somewhere else a farmer will go and do this by hand.”
