There are plenty of statistics around the issue of the drought – this is more of a personal perspective.
Weeks later, I’m still a little confused by the drought. To passing travellers, it’s not always that obvious. It is difficult to show visually – a case of looking, but not seeing.
This is understandable. The Karoo is, after all, a dry place. It is also a romantic place of feelings that sometimes go beyond expression and where a photograph, as good as it might be, can only suggest the magnificence of the place.
Back to the Eastern Cape and the Aberdeen/Willowmore area. Slow down a bit and look more closely. Stop somewhere and take a walk into the veld and look down. The small bushes, commonly referred to as Karoo bushes, are brittle. Without leaves and long dried out by the sun and lack of proper rain. There might be a bit of rain here and there but it merely speckles the ground. The rain I’m told, as little as it might be, needs to be more regular.
Dickie and Colleen Ogilvie’s farm on Doornkraal outside Aberdeen. He says the average rainfall for the area in normal times is around 250mm; the last seven years have seen only about a third of that. The best rainfall is over March and April “but we’ll take it anytime it happens”, he comments wryly.
And it happened, a month later, but in a cruel fashion. At the beginning of November there was a huge downpour and a neighbour experienced 50mm in 20 minutes.
The Beervlei Dam. The dam was completed in 1957 and was not built as a storage dam but for flood control and irrigation of farms below the dam. It lies 30km outside of Willowmore towards Aberdeen and was last full in 2000. Due to some rain further north and a farmers dam wall breaking near Rietbron a month after this photograph was taken it had some water in it again. It did fill not to capacity and days later the dam was dry again. Willowmore, Eastern Cape, 04 October 2021.
“It’s not effective rain,” says Dickie. “The veld is so hard and dry and lacking in cover that the runoff is quick, like water across a concrete slab.” Very little if anything is absorbed. It did, however, fill his dam almost to the point of overflowing.
He remains concerned that these parts of the veld may never recover and if they do, it will take upwards of five years in his estimation. Others agree. “The ‘Karoo bush’ is the bread and butter of the veld… it’s terrible out here,” says Dickie, as he scuffs the remains of a small bush with his boot.
The Karoo bush is the bread and butter of the veld he says and is doubtful whether many will recover. For the veld to recover could take up to five years, if the rains return to their normal pattern and become effective. Eastern Cape, 21 September 2021.
“The veld,” he says, “is the animals’ main source of roughage, which is needed to stimulate their appetite… you can throw mielies out until you’re blue in the face and it won’t do much good without the veld nutrition.”
The main dam on his farm is also dry (one of five, all dry) for only the second time in 35 years. The small ecosystem that once thrived below the dam wall is gone.
Around the dam, I saw nine sun-bleached shells. Dead Mountain tortoises. “They are dying in their hundreds,” says Dickie. We also drove by the carcass of a springbok, many of which are also reportedly dying in numbers. The ubiquitous thorn tree of the Karoo is dying, too. The animals, domestic and wild, are battling.
The main dam on Doringdraai farm, Aberdeen. It has only been dry twice in the last 35 years, the last time in 1991. The edge of the dry dam has numerous bleached white shells of Mountain tortoise, that searched in vain for water. “The desert animals are dying and when they start dying, we are in big trouble,” says Danie Meiring. A little over a month after this photograph was taken the area experienced a massive downpour. With the sparse cover on the veld the water ran off rapidly but this dam is now (08 Nov 2021) about 30cm from overflowing. Eastern Cape, 21 September 2021.
The veld has little to offer, but predators still abound, also feeling the effects of the lack of food. Jackals, caracal and in the mountainous areas, leopards. The baboons are getting desperate. They have been known to disembowel lambs. Even worse, pied crows linger near pregnant ewes and pluck the eyes and tongues from the newborn lambs and kids. For the first time in all my many road trips through the Karoo, I felt a twinge of depression.
I first noticed the trees in the Camdeboo National Park which I used as my base. Trees up to 15 years old, collapsed. Not just wilted or dry, but brutally mangled by the long-term effects of the drought.
The farmers all mention the trees, in mildly surprised tones. Not being people of excess, their words are also spare. They say of the drought that it is bad (occasionally “very bad”) or simply “dry”.
The ubiquitous ‘Karoo bush’ which farmer Dickie Ogilvy describes as the ” bread and butter of the veld” has been devasted over large swathes of the Eastern Cape Karoo. It is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for not only livestock but the wild animals of the region.
Dr Gideon Groenewald, a hydrologist who works with Gift of the Givers, says, “When farmers in that area say they are in trouble, you must know that it is really bad.” He also says that the dry periods are getting longer and the normal (good) times shorter.
“There is a 200-year drought cycle that lasts 18 years… we still have another 10 years to go. The whole world is in trouble” he adds.
All the farmers I spoke to agreed that climate change might have something to do with their predicament. They don’t think of it as the main cause, but do think that it has exacerbated the situation, and if it does persist for a further 10 years, it could end farming there – or at least drastically change the way farming is done.
The average rainfall figures can also be skewed, says Owen Poultney who farms on Volsruisleegte.
A plastic pipe runs water down, 400m, to a trough in the dry river bed. The cleaning out of the borehole means that the animals can at least get water again on Hoogekraal Farm between Willowmore and Aberdeen, 05 October 2021.
Just below the Beervlei Dam and 30km outside Willowmore on the Aberdeen Road. About two years back, they had a cloudburst. Between 100-110mm in just under two hours. What happened then was a flash flood with damage and destruction – the same pattern mentioned by Dickie Ogilvie. It also flooded the main road, making it impassable for a couple of hours. Not long afterwards, most of the water was gone.
Ironically, earlier this year they had a hailstorm, usually associated with destruction, but here it was a form of frozen manna for the veld. “Fortunately, the stones were small and the damage minimal,” says Owen.
“The hail lay 15-20cm deep all over the farm. and the runoff from the melted hail put some water in our dam.” He smiled – a good memory smile.
The confusion for me around the drought is that there are areas that look fine but aren’t. You can get caught in the rain in Willowmore but there’s not a sign of rain anywhere near your farm 40km away.
“It stops within a few white lines on the road and goes no further,” says Owen.
Owen Poultney in the community room on Volstruisleegte Farm. Each working day starts here with a bible reading and a prayer. Followed by a discussion around what need doing for the week and that day. Owen considers it important to inform and listen. Functions, community workshops and celebrations also take place in the room. Last year Douglas Toise’s 50th birthday was celebrated here, on his 49th birthday. His wife Lizzy got the date wrong.
There are, I discovered, three kinds of drought that are used as a measure. A meteorological drought, where the average rainfall is less than it should be over a defined period. An agricultural drought, where it affects soil moisture; and a hydrological drought, where basically the rivers and dams dry up and groundwater levels drop. Large swathes of the Karoo in the Eastern Cape are suffering all three.
A fourth category can be added, according to some international academics – that of a “human-induced drought”. This is due to the changing of water courses through dams and boreholes and management of the resource.
Owen Poultney says he is fortunate to have “a good bunch of lads who understand the situation and we all do what has to be done”.
“We have had a few workers leave us and I try to talk them out of it, but they go anyway,” he continues. The situation is such that he cannot replace them, and the workload is divided among those who stay. Everyone chips in to do what is necessary.
One of the necessities is the almost continuous mixing of feed for the livestock, which are kept in camps close to the farmstead. They would starve in the veld, otherwise. Herds must be reduced or relocated.
Mornings start with a meeting, a Bible reading and prayer, then a discussion about what needs to be done that day and in the week ahead. “It’s important that everyone knows where we stand and why,” says Poultney.
Douglas Toise has worked for Poultney for 20 years; his wife also works on the farm. As we share the coolness of the dining room and a welcome soft drink, he has few words of complaint: it’s more a harsh reality. “Dit het kwaai afgedroog,” he says of the drought, “dis ‘n harde stryd maar ons moet net ons oe ophou, die reen sal eendag kom… ons hoop dit sal kom.”
Die Klein Karoo in ’n wurggreep - Suid Afrika
He and his wife Lizzy attend church every Sunday with Poultney and his wife Pat. The Dominee informs the congregation about their district, so no one feels as if they’re alone in this hardship. “Ons moet net glo, net bid en sterk bly. Staan by jou baas en hou hom op”. “Landbou manne gee om, hulle harte is oop en dis ‘n ver end wat hulle stoot net om te kom help,” he says of the donations that come in from farmers up-country.
Eugene Van Der Bank is the Volsruisleegte farm manager. He speaks of how the drought has brought their community closer. “It’s a pity it came to this (the drought),” he says. “But it’s a good thing to bring us closer together.” The immediate community he talks of is made up of around 15 farms.
He explains the visual contradictions of the veld – the north side of the koppies is usually the “good” side while the south is “sour veld” and not so good. “The drought periods are getting longer and the ‘good years’ shorter,” he says.
Neighbouring farmer Danie Meiring and his wife San-Marie provide a veritable oasis for travellers passing along the N9 – the Oppi-Vlak Farmstall. He has, through the stall, become a centre for donations, some of which he shares with his local community.
He speaks of the generosity of those who can see how distressed the area is. One customer will say he has feed for livestock, but no transport. Later, another will offer transport… someone else might offer to contribute towards fuel costs – it all comes together and is delivered to Poultney’s farm as he has a forklift tractor and it is shared out from there.
“We’re completely on our own here… the government has not helped at all.”
We sit over a breakfast roosterkoek while springbuck nibble at a lucerne bale just over the fence – cute, some may think, but for Danie and the other farmers, it is incredibly sad. The food in the veld is so depleted that he’s forced to provide them with bales.
“They are incredibly shy animals, so you must know how desperate they are to come this close,” he says. “The desert animals are dying and when they start dying, we are in big trouble,” he says, with that familiar stare.
He’d removed 23 dead springbuck from behind the farm stall two weeks earlier – “not nice for the public to see”. A dominee from Bethlehem asked him to send pictures and a video so he could raise funds for them within his congregation. “I just can’t do that; it breaks my heart,” was his response.
Danie tells the story of an elderly woman in Bloemfontein who, deeply troubled by the plight of the animals, contacted him and said she wanted to donate a bag of mielies and asked how she could get it there. There are other similar stories of ordinary people doing what they can to help.
A plastic bottle sits on the counter near the till at Oppi-Vlak. This is for public donations – last year they could help pay for diesel for some deliveries after raising more than R24,000.
Dickie Ogilvy says that after six years of drought, a bit of government aid came the way of commercial farmers in the area. “It wasn’t much, but we took it on principle,” he said. “I received seven small bales, known as ‘blokkies-bale’, and six 50kg bags of mielies. Others received less – not even a day’s worth of feed for most.”
The provincial government did make money available for drought relief but none made it out to the plains beyond Graaff-Reinet.
Danie is waiting for a borehole drilling team from Uitenhage – they’re two weeks late. He has three dry boreholes but can only pay for two of them to be worked on. He explains that the old farmers of this Eastern Cape part of the Karoo claimed that the area within a 40km radius around the Skoorsteenberg (closer to Aberdeen) was the best veld in all the Karoo.
“In the good times, you can’t walk through the veld without stepping on a small bush… now there are sections you can drive through without going over one.”
He continues: “It should be one unit for every 2.5 hectares, now we’re around 25-30 hectare for one unit.” A unit being small livestock such as goats and sheep.
While some have more capacity than others to survive the drought, there are many who are struggling to survive. Some have given up and others have taken their own lives.
I ask about their faith; it is as much a part of the farming way of life as the land and animals. Owen Poultney says their faith helps; it strengthens the bonds with other community members, farmers and workers. He also thinks their faith has played a big part in the relatively small number of suicides.
Eugene Van Der Bank agrees, saying, “We can’t do this without God.” I suggest that even though they pray, it doesn’t mean it’ll rain the next day. “You can’t buy God,” says Owen. “He’ll bring the rain when He’s ready.” Lesser men would buckle a lot sooner.
The goats and sheep have become accustomed to being hand-fed and see anyone who stops a car as a source of food. They come running and bleating towards you.
San-Marie Meiring couldn’t sit for long on the veranda the evening before we spoke. She said she had to go inside because of all the animals, with their mournful sounds, who gathered around and stared at her expectantly.
Pride takes a huge knock when a farmer struggles to provide adequately for his family and the farm. Every now and then it gets too much. Then, under the pretence of going off to do a chore in the veld, it’s time to find a far-off tree, somewhere quiet. And stare across the plains.
