No, those aren’t the chorus lines of some whimsical 70s folk song. Rather, they’re the sort of legitimate questions arising from a fascinating new study into a previously overlooked, but potentially crucial, benefit of rewilding.
It found that maintaining healthy populations of just nine key wild species (or groups of species) – including elephants and wolves, but also wildebeest, musk ox and bison, as well as marine fish, whales, sharks and sea otters – can play a vital role in controlling the carbon cycle on land and sea. How? Because in order for such creatures to thrive, they need a viable habitat. And if that’s conserved, whether in the oceans, forests, grasslands or swamps, so are the many ways in which its natural properties of sequestering and storing carbon are maintained, too.
The overall impact could be, to put it mildly, massive. Compiled by 15 scientists from eight different countries, the study concluded that it could collectively enable the capture of 6.41bn tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This is equivalent to a cool 95 per cent of the total needed to meet the Paris agreement target of removing enough carbon from the atmosphere to keep global temperature rises below the 1.5C threshold.
The mechanisms by which this can happen are many and varied. Whales, for example, directly store carbon in their bodies, while the (substantial) quantity of whale poo is thought to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton. These in turn sequester shedloads of CO2 – as much as 1.7tn trees, or four Amazon rainforests’ worth.
Other creatures have a less dramatic, but no less beneficial impact. Take wolves. When they were reintroduced into Yellowstone Park in the US in the mid-90s, they triggered an extraordinary array of changes, from the recovery of local woodlands to the revival of populations of beavers, swans and wild flowers, so regenerating a climate-friendly ecosystem.
Biodiversity loss in all species and every ecosystem linked to humans – report
The study’s leader, Yale School of the Environment’s Professor Oswald Schultz, commented that, “wildlife species, throughout their interaction with the environment, are the missing link between biodiversity and climate. This interaction means rewilding can be among the best nature based climate solutions available to humankind.”
This news couldn’t come at a better time for advocates of a wilder world. Because rewilding’s had a mixed press of late. While many applaud the progress made in places like the Knepp Estate in Sussex, or Wild Ken Hill in Norfolk, others are sceptical. Much, but not all, of that scepticism is unfounded.
Fears that rewilding would harm food security are largely groundless: most nature recovery projects are happening on relatively unproductive land, and the benefits they bring, such as reducing floods, boosting populations of natural pest controllers and conserving soil, can actually have positive impacts on food production in fields nearby.
At various times, though, sweeping efforts to rewild land or sea, in places as diverse as Wales, Scotland, the Netherlands and Tanzania, without bringing local people on board, have drawn some understandable criticism. Which is why the best nature recovery projects make sure to put humans at the heart of it all.
If you want to calm the climate, look to where the wild things are
So, in Scotland, Highlands Rewilding has plans to revitalise communities with a mix of new, sustainable businesses such as agroforestry, horticulture and ecotourism, bringing people back to the Highlands. As its head of operations, Kirsty Mackay, puts it: “Some people have the idea that rewilding is a modern form of Highland clearances. [But] for us, rewilding is all about repeopling the land.”
In India, campaigners are working with local people to secure a ‘right of passage’ for elephants through densely populated rural areas, helping avoid conflict with villages. In east Africa, an all-woman ranger unit known as Team Lioness, composed of Maasai women, is combating elephant poaching and helping to secure a future that has space for people and elephants together. Squaring that circle is not always easy: the recent rapid revival of wolves across Europe has led to conflicts with sheep farmers in particular. But here, too, smart partnerships, such as providing farmers with livestock guard dogs, are underway to help to resolve it.
So, can wolves and whales calm the climate? Not alone. But as part of an overall strategy, combining conservation with climate action, they can play a vital part. And for anyone who cares about the future of some of the world’s most threatened and magnificent creatures, our urgent need to stem carbon catastrophe might spark some renewed hope, too. Because if you want to calm the climate, look to where the wild things are.
SOUTH AFRICA -
South Africa is one of the world's most megadiverse countries, despite occupying only about 2% of the global land surface. It ranks among the top nations for plant species richness and is the only country with three recognised biodiversity hotspots: the Cape Floristic Region (one of the richest temperate floras on Earth), the Succulent Karoo (the world's only arid hotspot with exceptional succulent diversity), and the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany hotspot along the eastern coast.The country is home to roughly 20,400 plant species (about 10% of the world's total), with exceptionally high endemism — many species are found nowhere else. It also supports around 67,000 animal species, including significant numbers of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. Marine biodiversity is equally impressive, accounting for about 15% of the world's marine species along its coastline and three oceans.South Africa has made substantial conservation efforts, with a network of protected areas, national parks, Ramsar wetlands, and transfrontier conservation areas. However, biodiversity is under serious pressure. Habitat loss and degradation (driven by agriculture, mining, urban expansion, and infrastructure) remain the leading threats. Invasive alien plants, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change further exacerbate the situation.Recent assessments show that a significant portion of ecosystems and species are threatened. About 20% of mammals, 10% of birds and frogs, and around 13% of plants are at risk of extinction. Many threatened ecosystems are concentrated in economically important regions, where land transformation has been rapid. The overall biodiversity intactness has declined, and some biomes show worrying trends.Agriculture plays a dual role: it supports livelihoods and food security but is also a major driver of habitat conversion and biodiversity loss, particularly through expansion of croplands, pesticide use, and water extraction. Climate change is intensifying these pressures by altering rainfall patterns, increasing drought frequency, and shifting species distributions.Despite the challenges, South Africa has strong legal frameworks, active civil society, and innovative conservation initiatives, including community involvement and private land stewardship. Protecting the country's unique biodiversity is not only vital for its people and economy but also for global conservation goals.In essence, South Africa is a biodiversity superpower facing real threats from human activities and climate change, yet it retains the potential and tools to safeguard its natural heritage if conservation, sustainable land use, and development are better balanced.
